Lanco Solar Energy Pvt. Ltd. Vs. Deputy/Assistant Commissioner of Income Таx and Anr. - Therefore, this Court held that the authorities can only take steps to determine the tax, interest, fines or any penalty which is due. However, the authority cannot enforce a claim for recovery or levy of interest on the tax due during the period of moratorium.

 NCLY Hyd. (2025.04.09) in Lanco Solar Energy Pvt. Ltd. Vs. Deputy/Assistant Commissioner of Income Таx and Anr. [ (2025) ibclaw.in 523 NCLT, IA (IBC) 1756 of 2024 in C.P. (IB) No. 518/7/HDB/2018] held that-   

• Therefore, this Court held that the authorities can only take steps to determine the tax, interest, fines or any penalty which is due. However, the authority cannot enforce a claim for recovery or levy of interest on the tax due during the period of moratorium.

• Therefore, if the departments of Central or State Governments do not file an application or participate in the resolution process, their claims automatically get extinguished having regard to the judgment of the Hon’ble Supreme Court in the case of Ghanashym Mishra.

Excerpts of the Order;

# I. The present application is filed by M/s. Lanco Solar Energy Private Limited (Applicant/Corporate Debtor/CD) under Section 60(5) of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016, r/w Rule 11 of the National Company Law Tribunal Rules, 2016, seeking a direction to Respondent No.1 to release the refund amounting to Rs.19,56,17,549/- (Rupees Nineteen Crores Fifty-Six Lakhs Seventeen Thousand Five Hundred and Forty-Nine only), along with applicable interest, which the Applicant/Corporate Debtor is entitled to, for Assessment Years 2014-15 and 2018-19 to 2023-24, and which has been illegally adjusted by Respondent No.1 against certain demands raised.

II.,APPLICATION:

# 1. M/s. Lanco Solar Energy Private Limited was admitted into Corporate Insolvency Resolution Process (CIRP) vide Order dated 14.06.2019 (Admission Order), passed by this Authority in CP (IB) No. 518/7/HDB/2018, on a petition filed under Section 7 of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 (IBC) by Andhra Bank (Financial Creditor/FC).

# 2. In the 1st Meeting of the Committee of Creditors (CoC) held on 15.07.2019, Mr. Parveen Bansal was appointed as Resolution Professional (RP) of the CD.

# 3. The Deputy/Assistant Commissioner of Income Tax (Respondent No.1/R1) issued Assessment Orders dated 28.02.2017 and 30.10.2017 for the Assessment Years 2012-13 and 2013-14, respectively, under Section 143(3) read with Section 92 CA(3) and r/w Section 144C(13) of the Income Tax Act, 1961. Aggrieved by the said Assessment Orders, the CD preferred appeals before the Hon’ble Income Tax Appellate Tribunal (ITAT).

# 4. The R1 also submitted its claim in Form B on 26.02.2020 pursuant to the public announcement made by the RP on 21.06.2019. The claim submitted amounted to Rs.110,24,12,086/- towards Income Tax Arrears for the Assessment Years 2012-13, 2013-14, and 2017-18. However, as the Appeals filed by the Corporate Debtor were pending adjudication before the ITAT, the RP refrained from admitting the said claims of R1, considering that such admission would be in contravention of the provisions of the IBC.

# 5. Subsequently, the ITAT, vide its Common Order dated 20.09.2022, dismissed the appeals filed by the Corporate Debtor for the Assessment Years 2012-13 and 2013-14 on the ground that the Appeals could not proceed while the CIRP was ongoing.

# 6. Thereafter, the CoC approved the Resolution Plan submitted by the consortium of Mr. Jitendra Vir Singh and M/s. Derit Infrastructure Private Limited (Successful Resolution Applicant/SRA), with a voting share of 95.62%. The said Resolution Plan was approved by this Authority vide Order dated 24.04.2024, passed in IA No. 598 of 2021.

# 7. In accordance with the terms of the approved Resolution Plan, the SRA has provided an amount of Rs. 20,00,000/- towards full and final settlement of the claims raised by the Operational Creditors and for any claims not admitted. Further, the RP has made a payment of Rs.4,35,435/- to the Income Tax Department on 15.06.2023 in compliance with the approved Resolution Plan.

# 8. Despite the approval of the Resolution Plan and the payments made in accordance therewith, Respondent No.1 has illegally adjusted the demands raised for the Assessment Year 2012-13, as per the revised Assessment Order dated 22.06.2018, against the refunds lawfully due and payable to the Corporate Debtor for subsequent Assessment Years, namely, Assessment Years 2014-15, 2018-19, 2019-20, 2021-22, 2022-23, and 2023-24.

# 9. The details of the refund adjustments made by the Respondent No.1 against the outstanding demand of Rs.103,62,58,160/- pertaining to A.Y. 2012-13 are tabulated herein below for ready reference: 

# 10. The Respondent No.1 has proceeded to adjust the outstanding tax demand pertaining to A.Y. 2012-13 during the moratorium period, by unilaterally setting off the same against the refunds legitimately due to the Corporate Debtor for subsequent assessment years. Such action on the part of Respondent No.1 is in clear violation of the express bar provided under Section 14(1)(c) of IBC, which prohibits any action to recover or enforce any security interest or recover any property of the Corporate Debtor during the moratorium period.

# 11. The Applicants placed reliance on the judgment of the Hon’ble NCLAT, Principal Bench in Mr. Devarajan Raman, Liquidator of Kotak Urja Pvt. Ltd. vs. Principal Commissioner Income Tax and Ors., [2024 SCC OnLine NCLAT 690], wherein it has been categorically held that any set-off or adjustment of tax demands against refunds during the CIRP or the intervening period till liquidation constitutes a violation of the moratorium under Section 14 of the IBC.

# 12. The Respondent No.1 ought not to have undertaken any adjustment of its claims against the refunds due to the Corporate Debtor during the currency of the moratorium period imposed under Section 14 of the IBC.

# 13. It is further submitted that any adjustment carried out by Respondent No.1 even after the approval of the Resolution Plan is impermissible in law. All claims of operational creditors, including statutory authorities such as the Income Tax Department, are governed strictly by the terms of the approved Resolution Plan. Any dues not forming part of the approved Resolution Plan stand extinguished by operation of law and are not recoverable subsequently. 

# 14. It is reiterated that the Respondent No.1 had submitted its claim in Form B on 26.02.2020, which was rejected by the RP. Pursuant to the terms of the approved Resolution Plan, a sum of Rs. 20,00,000/- was earmarked towards Operational Creditors whose claims were not admitted, out of which a payment of Rs.4,35,435/- was made to the Income Tax Department on 15.06.2023 towards its alleged dues, thereby discharging the liability in terms of the Resolution Plan.

# 15. The Applicant craves leave to refer to Clause L(c) of the Approved Resolution Plan, Section 31, and Section 238 of the IBC, which explicitly provide for the extinguishment of all claims pertaining to the period prior to the approval of the Resolution Plan, except to the extent provided therein. The relevant clause of the Resolution Plan is reproduced herein below:

• Clause L(c) of the Approved Resolution Plan: 

• "...except as provided in this Resolution Plan, all Claims (whether present or arising in future) of all Governmental Authorities (including in relation to Taxes, and all other dues and statutory payments to any Governmental Authority) relating to the period prior to the Closing Date, shall be deemed to be permanently extinguished and/or settled at NIL value on the NCLT Approval Date, by virtue of the NCLT Approval Order."

# 16. In view of the above, it is respectfully submitted that all dues of the Respondent No.1 forming part of the approved Resolution Plan have been fully discharged, and any other dues not forming part of the Plan stand extinguished ipso facto by operation of law.

# 17. It is submitted that Section 238 of the IBC has an overriding effect over any other law, including the provisions of the Income Tax Act, 1961, to the extent of any inconsistency therewith. Thus, the impugned adjustments carried out by Respondent No.1 are non-est in the eyes of law.

III. COUNTER OF RESPONDENT NO.1:

1. Respondent No.1 vide letter dated 26.02.2020 has submitted its claim to the Interim Resolution Professional (IRP), specifying the outstanding demands and arrears along with the proof of claim, which has been attached as follows:

# 2. In response to the said claim, the RP has provided the particulars of the refund adjustments that were made against the outstanding demand for AY 2012-13. These were made during the moratorium and also after the approval of the Resolution Plan.

# 3. The total demand of Rs.104,90,64,370/- was raised for AY 2012-13 via order dated 28.02.2017 vide Section 143(3) r.w.s. 92 CA(3) & Section 144C(13) of the Income Tax Act. The said demand was later reduced to Rs.103,62,58,160/- by an Order u/s 154 dated 22.06.2018.

# 4. After adjusting the refund for AY 2014-15, the net outstanding demand for A.Y. 2012-13, as of the submission date was Rs.87,74,43,636/-. This outstanding demand was submitted as a claim in Form-B to the Resolution Professional. However, the Resolution Professional did not consider these facts when filing the Resolution Plan for approval before the Hon'ble NCLT.

# 5. Further, it is also submitted that during the CIRP proceedings, the Resolution Professional was aware of the fact that demand for AY 2012-13 was more after adjusting the refund of AY 2014-15 and based on that only, the final Resolution Plan was submitted to NCLT and the same was approved.

# 6. Demand of Rs. 110,24,12,086/- was outstanding for three Assessment Years as on the date of submission of claim by the R1 before the Resolution Professional. Further, it is also submitted that the refunds due to the Applicant for various Assessment Years were adjusted against the outstanding demands, which were raised prior to the commencement of CIRP.

IV. FINDINGS:

# 1. Upon perusal of the Application and the documents placed on record, it is clear that the CIRP was initiated against the Corporate Debtor on 14.06.2019, and a moratorium was simultaneously declared in terms of Section 14 of the IBC. It is further noted that the Respondent No.1 had passed Assessment Orders dated 28.02.2017 and 30.10.2017, raising demands for the Assessment Year (AY) 2012-13 and AY 2013-14 respectively.

# 2. The Applicant seeks a direction to the Respondent No.1 to refund the amounts for the AYs 2014-15 and AY 2018-19 to AY 2023-24, which were adjusted against the demand raised for AY 2012-13, during the subsistence of the moratorium.

# 3. It is observed that the Respondent No.1 had filed a claim of Rs.110.24 Crores in the CIRP proceedings. However, the same was not admitted owing to the pendency of Appeals before the Income Tax Appellate Tribunal (ITAT). Subsequently, the said Appeals came to be dismissed on 20.09.2022 owing to the moratorium restrictions. Thereafter, the CoC approved the Resolution Plan, which was duly approved by this Authority on 24.04.2024. The said Plan provided for a settlement amount of Rs.20 Lakhs towards the claims of Operational Creditors and other claimants whose claims were not admitted. It is further noted that an amount of Rs.4.35 Lakhs was paid to the Income Tax Department on 15.06.2023 in terms of the approved Resolution Plan.

# 4. It is pertinent to note that the Assessment Orders passed by Respondent No.1 relate to the pre-CIRP period (AY 2012-13 to AY 2017-18). Therefore, it is evident that Respondent No.1 has attempted to recover its pre-CIRP dues during the moratorium period, which is impermissible under the IBC. 

# 5. Section 14 of the IBC not only prohibits the institution or continuation of any legal proceedings against the Corporate Debtor but also expressly bars any action to recover or enforce any security interest or recover any property by a creditor during the moratorium.

# 6. The moratorium declared under Section 14 of the IBC remains in force until the approval of a Resolution Plan by the Adjudicating Authority or until an order for liquidation is passed. The moratorium is intended to preserve the assets of the Corporate Debtor and facilitate a collective resolution mechanism under the IBC framework. In the present case, a Resolution Plan has already been approved by the CoC and by this Authority on 24.04.2024.

# 7. In this regard, reliance is placed on the Judgment of the Hon’ble Supreme Court in Committee of Creditors of Essar Steel India Limited vs. Satish Kumar Gupta & Ors. [Civil Appeal Nos. 8766-67 of 2019], wherein it was held that:

• “A successful resolution applicant cannot suddenly be faced with ‘undecided’ claims after the resolution plan submitted by him has been accepted. This would throw into uncertainty amounts payable by a prospective resolution applicant who successfully takes over the business of the corporate debtor. All claims must be submitted to and decided by the resolution professional so that a prospective resolution applicant knows exactly what has to be paid in order that it may then take over and run the business of the corporate debtor. This the successful resolution applicant does on a fresh slate.” [own emphasis]

# 8. Further, reliance is placed on the ruling of the Hon’ble Supreme Court in S.V. Kondaskar vs. V.M. Deshpande [(1972) 1 SCC 438], wherein it was categorically held that:

• “46. Therefore, this Court held that the authorities can only take steps to determine the tax, interest, fines or any penalty which is due. However, the authority cannot enforce a claim for recovery or levy of interest on the tax due during the period of moratorium. We are of the opinion that the above ratio squarely applies to the interplay between the IBC and the Customs Act in this context.

• 47. From the above discussion, we hold that the respondent could only initiate assessment or reassessment of the duties and other levies. They cannot transgress such boundary and proceed to initiate recovery in violation of Section 14 or 33(5) of the IBC. The interim resolution professional, resolution profession or the liquidator, as the case may be, has an obligation to ensure that assessment is legal and he has been provided with sufficient power to question any assessment, if he finds the same to be excessive.” [own emphasis]

# 9. Additionally, we also draw support from the Judgment of the Hon’ble High Court of Karnataka in Union of India & Ors. vs. Ruchi Soya Industries Ltd. [Writ Appeal No. 2757/2018 (T-TAR); (2021) ibclaw.in 12 HC, wherein it was observed that:

• “77. The provisions of Section 238 of “IBC” states that the provisions of “IBC” shall have effect, notwithstanding anything inconsistent therewith contained in any other law for the time being in force or any instrument having effect by virtue of any such law. Further, it is noted that crown debts do not take precedence even over secured creditors, who are private persons. This is clear on a reading of Section 238 of “IBC” which provides for the overriding effect of “IBC” notwithstanding anything inconsistent contained in other law for the time being in force or effect by any such law. Therefore, if the departments of Central or State Governments do not file an application or participate in the resolution process, their claims automatically get extinguished having regard to the judgment of the Hon’ble Supreme Court in the case of Ghanashym Mishra.” [own emphasis]

# 10. In view of the above discussion, we are of the considered view that realisation of demand arising from the Assessment Orders passed by Respondent No.1 pertaining to the pre-CIRP period during moratorium is untenable in law, and no set-off or adjustment of demands against tax refunds is permissible during this period. Consequently, the amounts of income tax refunds, which were adjusted by the Respondent No.1 during the moratorium, are liable to be refunded forthwith to the Corporate Debtor.

# 11. Accordingly, IA No. 1756 of 2024 is allowed on the above terms and the Respondent No.1 is directed to refund the said amount.

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Avil Menezes (Liquidator) Vs. Principal Chief Commissioner of Income Tax, Mumbai - we hold that the Income Tax authority enjoys limited jurisdiction of continuing with assessment proceedings and in determining the quantum of Income Tax dues but does not enjoy the jurisdiction and power to suo motu initiate recovery of dues or execute their claim unilaterally by adjusting the ITR amount with past tax dues.

 NCLAT (2024.07.12) in Avil Menezes (Liquidator) Vs. Principal Chief Commissioner of Income Tax, Mumbai [(2024) ibclaw.in 441 NCLAT, Company Appeal (AT) (Insolvency) No. 258 of 2024] held that; 

• In other words, though Section 33 contains provisions similar to Section 14 contemplating stay on suits/proceedings during liquidation, however, the reach and gamut of stay under Section 33 differs from Section 14 in that there is no moratorium on continuation of suits/proceedings already instituted earlier.

• Further the language of Section 245 (1) of the Income Tax Act does not create any charge or security interest in favour of the Respondent. The creation of a charge by operation of law must be apparent from the express words of the statute.

• We find that there is no restriction, prohibition or embargo placed by the IBC on the principle of set-off during liquidation proceedings. In fact, the right of set-off is available to the Respondent as maybe noticed at Regulation 29 of Liquidation Regulations,

• we hold that the Income Tax authority enjoys limited jurisdiction of continuing with assessment proceedings and in determining the quantum of Income Tax dues but does not enjoy the jurisdiction and power to suo motu initiate recovery of dues or execute their claim unilaterally by adjusting the ITR amount with past tax dues.

• However, while applying the principle of set-off, it must be kept in mind that no creditor ends up getting share disproportional to their dues.

• All claimants in the liquidation process are required to stake claims for distribution of proceeds of sale in consonance with Section 53 of IBC. Filing of claims for set-off is also mandated by Liquidation Regulations and cannot be bypassed.

• we are of the considered view that there has been a clear infirmity on the part of the Respondent in unilaterally and suo-motu appropriating the ITR amount by setting-off the said amount against the tax arrears of pre-CIRP period determined during the liquidation proceedings.

Excerpts of the order;

The present appeal filed under Section 61 of Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code 2016 (‘IBC’ in short) by the Appellant arises out of the Order dated 22.11.2023 (hereinafter referred to as ‘Impugned Order’) passed by the Adjudicating Authority (National Company Law Tribunal, Mumbai Bench-I) in I.A. No. 2968/(MB)/2022 in CP (IB) 2295/NCLT/MB/2018. By the impugned order, the Adjudicating Authority has dismissed I.A. 2968 of 2022 filed by the Appellant-Liquidator seeking return of Income Tax refund amount of two previous assessment years to the liquidation estate of the Corporate Debtor-Sunil Hitech and Engineers Ltd.

# 2. The Learned Counsel for the Appellant, Shri J. Rajesh making his submissions submitted that the Corporate Debtor was admitted into Corporate Insolvency Resolution Proceedings (‘CIRP’ in short) on 10.09.2018. Later, the Corporate Debtor was admitted into liquidation by the Adjudicating Authority on 25.06.2019 and the Appellant was appointed as the Liquidator of the Corporate Debtor. Following the appointment as Liquidator, a public announcement was made on 01.07.2019 inviting claims from the creditors in the liquidation process in terms of Regulation 12 of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India (Liquidation Process) Regulations, 2016 (‘Liquidation Regulations’ in short).

# 3. Submission was made that on vetting the Annual Information Statement (‘AIS’ in short) of the Corporate Debtor, it came to the notice of the Liquidator that the Corporate Debtor was entitled to receive Income Tax Refund (‘ITR’ in short) for the A.Y. 2021-2022 for an amount of Rs.5.84 cr. and interest thereon amounting Rs.11.46 lakhs. It was also noticed by the Liquidator that the above ITR amount was adjusted on 12.11.2021 by the Respondent against Income Tax demand for A.Y. 2010-2011 for Rs.2.98 cr. and for A.Y. 2011-2012 amounting Rs.2.85 cr. It has also been contended by the Appellant – Liquidator that the Corporate Debtor was also entitled to receive ITR of Rs.60.79 lakhs for A.Y. 2020- 2021 and that the said amount had also been adjusted by the Respondent against pre-CIRP Income Tax dues.

# 4. The Learned Counsel for the Appellant pointed out that the ITR amount could not have been adjusted by the Respondent towards Income Tax dues and that the said amount should have formed part of the liquidation estate of the Corporate Debtor. It was asserted that in terms of Section 36(3)(b) of the IBC, assets which may or may not be in possession of the Corporate Debtor also constitute part of the liquidation estate and hence the ITR amount available with the Respondent did not belong as such to the Respondent but belonged to the stakeholders and therefore should form part of the liquidation estate. Hence, the Liquidator had rightly requested the Respondent to return the refund amount so that the same could be distributed amongst the stakeholders in terms of Section 53 of IBC. In support of their contention, the Learned Counsel for the Appellant has relied on the judgment of this Tribunal in Devarajan Raman vs Principal Commissioner Income Tax, (Mumbai-1) in Company Appeal (AT) (Insolvency) No. 977 of 2023 that the Income Tax Department did not have the right to adjust past income tax demands with tax refunds since the ITR amount fell under the asset of the Corporate Debtor.

# 5. It has also been contended by the Appellant that Section 33(5) of the IBC provides that once a liquidation order has been passed, no suit or other legal proceedings shall be instituted by or against the Corporate Debtor. In the present case, since the liquidation order had already been passed by the Adjudicating Authority, recovery of income tax dues by invoking Section 245 of the Income Tax Act was illegal and improper.

# 6. It was also emphatically asserted that in view of the non obstante clause and over-riding provision of the IBC as contained in Section 238, the right of set-off of the Respondent – Income Tax Department was subject to the manner of set-off as prescribed under Regulation 29 of the Liquidation Regulations. In support of their contention, reliance was placed upon the judgment of Hon’ble Supreme Court in the case of Principal Commissioner of Income Tax Vs Monnet Ispat and Energy Ltd. (2018) 18 SCC 786 which held that Section 238 of IBC over-rides anything inconsistent contained in any other enactment including Income Tax Act, 1961.

# 7. Further contending that the Respondent–Income Tax Department is an Operational Creditor, it was argued by the Learned Counsel for the Appellant that the Respondent was required to file their claim with the Liquidator in Form D in accordance with Regulation 18 of Liquidation Regulations for recovery of dues in the requisite form and could not have suo-moto adjusted or set-off the ITR amount against past dues. The Respondent was bound to inform the Liquidator regarding any adjustment/set-off being made by them against purported dues. Emphasis was laid on the fact that the Respondent had erred in not filing any claim with the Liquidator despite the Liquidator having invited claim from all stakeholders through public announcement.

# 8. It is also the contention of the Appellant that for the Respondent to make adjustment of the ITR, it should have followed the due process as laid down under the IBC. In support of their contention, the Learned Counsel for the Appellant relied on the judgment of the Hon’ble Supreme Court in the matter of Sundaresh Bhatt, Liquidator of ABG Shipyard Vs Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs in CA No. 7667 of 2021 wherein it was held that once moratorium is imposed in terms of Section 33(5) of the IBC, the Customs Department enjoyed limited jurisdiction to assess and determine the quantum of tax dues but did not have the power to initiate recovery of those dues.

# 9. It was further pointed out that merely having a right to set-off does not automatically lead to having a charge over the property. Section 245 of the Income Tax Act does not expressly create a charge or a security interest. The language of Section 245 of the Income Tax Act does not indicate any such charge to have been created. It is also their contention that the finding of the Adjudicating Authority that the right to set-off under Section 245 of the Income Tax Act creates a charge is perverse as it is opposed to the scheme of IBC which recognises set-off and security interest as separate and distinct concept.

# 10. Refuting the contentions raised by the Appellant, the Learned Counsel for the Respondent, Shri Abhishek R. Mishra submitted that the dues of the Income Tax come under the ambit of security interest. It was also contended that the definition of secured creditor in IBC does not exclude government or governmental authority and hence the act of the Respondent for set-off was lawful. It was pointed that Section 3(30) of the IBC defines secured creditor to mean a creditor in favour of whom security interest is created and such security interest can be created by operation of law. The Respondent has relied upon the judgment of this Tribunal in Principal Commissioner of Income Tax and other Vs M/s Assam Company India Ltd in CA(AT)(Ins) No. 241 of 2022 to hold that the dues of the Income Tax Department are government dues and hence the Income Tax Department is a secured creditor. It is also been contended that since the dues of the Income Tax Department – Respondent are secured dues and have been availed by invoking Section 245(1) of the Income Tax Act wherein the Respondent has security interest, the provision of Section 238 of IBC would not apply. It was also pointed out that as required under Section 245(1) of the Income Tax Act, a notice for set-off was issued to the Corporate Debtor and to that extent there has been no breach of the procedure prescribed for set-off under the Income Tax Act. It was also stated that the set-off was rightly done by the Respondent in accordance with Regulation 37 of Liquidation Regulations.

# 11. We have duly considered the arguments advanced by the Learned Counsel for both the parties and perused the records carefully.

# 12. From the facts of the present case, it is clear that the Income Tax Department – Respondent appropriated the ITR amount on 12.11.2021 by adjusting/setting-off the same against pre-CIRP income tax dues. This act of appropriation by way of set-off/adjustment was clearly undertaken after commencement of liquidation proceedings on 25.07.2019. The first question for our consideration is therefore whether such continuation of pending proceedings is permissible after liquidation orders have been passed.

# 13. To analyse this issue, we may begin with perusing the relevant statutory provisions of moratorium as contained in the IBC during CIRP and during liquidation.

# 14. The relevant excerpts of moratorium on institution or continuation of pending suits or proceedings during CIRP as contained in Section 14 of the IBC which appears in Chapter II of Part II thereof is as follows: . . . . .

15. The provision of moratorium in respect of suits and legal proceedings during liquidation process as contained in Section 33(5) of IBC which appears in Chapter III of Part II of IBC is as extracted hereunder:

• 33. Initiation of liquidation.

• (4) On receipt of an application under sub-section (3), if the Adjudicating Authority determines that the corporate debtor has contravened the provisions of the resolution plan, it shall pass a liquidation order as referred to in sub-clauses (i), (ii) and (iii) of clause (b) of sub-section (1).

• (5) Subject to section 52, when a liquidation order has been passed, no suit or other legal proceeding shall be instituted by or against the corporate debtor:

• Provided that a suit or other legal proceeding may be instituted by the liquidator, on behalf of the corporate debtor, with the prior approval of the Adjudicating Authority.

# 16. From a reading of the above statutory provisions, it becomes clear that liquidation process comes into effect upon the failure to come up with a resolution plan or on a resolution plan not being approved by the Adjudicating Authority consequent upon which the Adjudicating Authority further passes the liquidation order under Section 33(4) of the IBC. The proviso to Section 14(4) of IBC also clarifies that moratorium ceases to have effect on receipt of approval of resolution plan or on passing of an order of liquidation. In the present facts of the case, on the order of liquidation having been passed, the moratorium placed under Section 14 came to an end. Instead, a fresh moratorium in terms of Section 33(5) of IBC came into place.

# 17. Thus, while moratorium under Section 14 applies to CIRP, Section 33 applies to moratorium in a liquidation process. A close examination of these two statutory provisions would reveal that both these sections are however entirely distinct in their sweep and application. In terms of the language employed in Sections 14 and 33 of IBC, while Section 14 prohibits both institution and continuation of pending suits or proceedings against the Corporate Debtor, Section 33(5) of IBC is only a bar on the institution of new suits during the liquidation process though the proviso to Section 33(5) further provides that if a fresh suit or legal proceeding is to be instituted, the Liquidator is required to obtain specific permission and prior approval of the Adjudicating Authority. There is however clearly no mention of any bar or embargo on continuation of pending suits or proceedings during the process of liquidation. In terms of Section 33(5) of the IBC, the moment liquidation proceedings commence, there would be a bar only in respect of fresh suits/proceedings while pending suits/proceedings can continue. The Liquidator can therefore continue to pursue or defend any already existing proceeding without having to seek any permission from the Adjudicating Authority in terms of Section 35(1)(k) of IBC. In other words, though Section 33 contains provisions similar to Section 14 contemplating stay on suits/proceedings during liquidation, however, the reach and gamut of stay under Section 33 differs from Section 14 in that there is no moratorium on continuation of suits/proceedings already instituted earlier.

# 18. To answer the question delineated at para 12 above, we hold that the words ‘continuation of pending suits or proceedings’ is consciously omitted in Section 33(5) of IBC in contrast to Section 14 of IBC where it is explicitly stated that moratorium applies both to the institution of suits or proceedings or the continuation of pending law suits or proceedings against the Corporate Debtor. Thus, to our minds, there is no bar in a suit or a legal proceeding continuing along with liquidation proceedings as pending suits or legal proceeding have not been included within the scope of moratorium under Section 33(5) of IBC. Having come to the above conclusion, we can safely conclude that the Respondent was legally entitled to continue with the Income Tax assessment proceedings during the liquidation process.

# 19. This brings before us the second set of issues for consideration as to whether the Respondent is a secured creditor having security interest under Section 245 (1) of the Income Tax Act, 1961 and whether there was any infirmity in the suo-motu action of the Respondent in appropriation of the ITR amount and in setting-off the said amount against the tax arrears of pre-CIRP period determined during the liquidation proceedings. As both these issues are closely intertwined, we will endeavour to deal with them together.

# 20. When we come to the impugned order, we find that the Adjudicating Authority after adverting attention to Regulation 37 of Liquidation Regulations, Section 3(31) of IBC and Section 245 of the Income Tax Act, 1961 held that the Income Tax Department acquires a statutory right to set off the ITR amount against taxes in arrears under any proceedings. Basis this finding, Adjudicating Authority did not find any infirmity in the action of the Income Tax Department in appropriation of refunds determined during the liquidation proceedings against the tax arrears of pre-CIRP period. The relevant extracts of the impugned order are as placed hereunder:

“4. We have heard the Counsel and perused the material available on records.

4.1. We find that the Income Tax Department has appropriated the refunds on 12.11.2021, and the Liquidation proceedings commenced in the case of Corporate Debtor on 25.07.2019, which implies that the refunds were appropriated towards income tax demand due from the Corporate Debtor after commencement of liquidation proceedings.

4.2. Regulation 37 of the IBBl (Liquidation Process) Regulations 2016 provides that “A secured creditor who seeks to realize its security interest under section 52 shall intimate the liquidator of the price at which he proposes to realize its secured asset”.

4.3. The security interest is defined in Section 3(31) of the Code as “security interest” means right, title or interest or a claim to property, created in favour of, or provided for a secured creditor by a transaction which secures payment or performance of an obligation and includes mortgage, charge, hypothecation, assignment and encumbrance or any other agreement or arrangement securing payment or performance of any obligation of any person.”

4.4. Section 245 of the Income Tax Act, 1961 provides that –

”(1) Where under any of the provisions of this Act, a refund becomes due or is found to be due to any person, the Assessing Officer or Commissioner or Principal Commissioner or Chief Commissioner or Principal Chief Commissioner; as the case may be, may, in lieu of payment of the refund, set off the amount to be refunded or any part of that amount, against the sum, if any, remaining payable under this Act by the person to whom the refund is due, after giving an intimation in writing to such person of the action proposed to be taken under this sub-section.

(2) Where a part of the refund is set off under the provisions of sub-section (1), or where no such amount is set off,’ and refund becomes due to a person, and the Assessing Officer, having regard to the fact that proceedings for assessment or reassessment are pending in the case of such person, is of the opinion that the grant of refund is likely to adversely affect the revenue, he may, for reasons to be recorded in writing and with the previous approval of the Principal Commissioner or the Commissioner; as the case may be, withhold the refund up to the date on which such assessment or reassessment is made.”

4.5. From the provisions of Section 245 of the Income Tax Act 1961, find that the Income Tax Department acquires a statutory right to set off the refunds determined in relation to any proceedings against the taxes in arrears under any proceedings. Accordingly, we are of considered view that the Income Tax Department acquires security interest in terms of section 245(1) of lncome Tax Act, 1961, on determination of refund in liquidation proceedings, in terms of section 3(31) of the Code, as section 3(31) also includes charge as well as encumbrances.

4.6. We further find that the Section 245(1) of the Income Tax Act, 1961 mandates prior notice, which is issued by the Income Tax Department on the log in account of each assessee. Accordingly, we do not find any infirmity in the action of the Respondent in appropriation of refunds determined during the liquidation proceedings against the tax arrears of pre-CIRP period, as such set-off has taken place during the Liquidation proceedings, wherein the right of set-off is available to the Creditors.”

# 21. Assailing the impugned order, it is the case of the Appellant that the action taken by the Respondent to make recovery of Income Tax demand by way of adjustment/set-off of ITR amount by invoking Section 245 (1) of the Income Tax Act, 1961 was beyond the provision of law and hence legally improper. Section 245 could not have been applied in the present case since Section 238 of the IBC endows the IBC with over-riding powers. It is also the case of the Appellant that the recovery of income tax dues, if any, of the Respondent had to abide by the procedure laid down by the IBC in the Liquidation Regulations which the Respondent clearly failed to comply with. The Respondent not having followed the mandatory procedure prescribed by the IBC acted unlawfully in adjusting the ITR amount without having filed any claim before the Liquidator though the Liquidator had published the public announcement inviting claims from the stakeholders of the Corporate Debtor. It is also canvassed that the ITR amount was part of the liquidation estate of the Corporate Debtor and by wrongful adjustment of the ITR against pre-CIRP income tax dues, the rights of other stakeholders of the Corporate Debtor stood violated.

# 22. Per contra, in affirmation of the impugned order, it has been the case of the Respondent that in terms of Section 52 of IBC, a secured creditor is allowed realization of security interest in liquidation proceedings. It has also been contended that the Income Tax Department being a Governmental authority is a secured creditor and in support this contention, reliance has been placed on the judgement of this Tribunal in Principal Commissioner of Income Tax Vs Assam Company India Ltd in CA(AT)(Ins) No. 241 of 2022 (‘Assam Company’ in short).

# 23. We find that in this judgment, reliance was placed on the judgement of the Hon’ble Supreme Court in State Tax Officer vs. Rainbow Papers Limited-Civil Appeal No. 1661 of 2020 to claim that the Income Tax Department being a Government authority is a secured creditor and entitled to realise security interest. However, we are of the view that this judgement does not assist the Respondent in view of a subsequent judgment of the Hon’ble Supreme Court in Paschimanchal Vidyut Vitran Nigam Ltd. v. Raman Ispat Pvt. Ltd. & Ors. in C.A. No. 7976 of 2019, wherein it has been held that the ratio of the Rainbow Papers supra has to be confined to the facts of that case. In the Rainbow Papers case, the Operational Creditor was held to be a secured creditor on the basis of relevant statutory provisions of Gujarat Value Added Tax, 2003. However, in terms of the provisions of the Income Tax Act including Section 245 thereof, there is no such basis to claim in the case of the Income Tax Department to be a secured Operational Creditor. Further the language of Section 245 (1) of the Income Tax Act does not create any charge or security interest in favour of the Respondent. The creation of a charge by operation of law must be apparent from the express words of the statute. Hence, the Assam Company judgement supra judgment does not come to the aid of the Respondent in the present case. It also flows therefrom that the Adjudicating Authority had erred in holding that the Respondent – Income Tax Department had acquired security interest in terms of Section 245 (1) of the Income Tax Act, 1961.

# 24. We now proceed to answer the adjunct issue as to whether there was any infirmity in the action of the Respondent in appropriation of the ITR amount and in setting-off the said amount against the tax arrears of pre-CIRP period determined during the liquidation proceedings. We have already indicated in the preceding paragraphs that there is no bar in a suit or a legal proceeding continuing along with liquidation proceedings as pending suits or legal proceeding have not been included within the scope of moratorium under Section 33(5) of IBC. The question that arises next is that if the Respondent was legally entitled to continue with the Income Tax assessment proceedings during the liquidation process, does the principle of set-off and the associated accounting principle of netting-of become applicable on the ITR amount determined during the liquidation proceedings.

# 25. We find that there is no restriction, prohibition or embargo placed by the IBC on the principle of set-off during liquidation proceedings. In fact, the right of set-off is available to the Respondent as maybe noticed at Regulation 29 of Liquidation Regulations, which is as reproduced below:

• “29. Mutual credits and set-off. Where there are mutual dealings between the corporate debtor and another party, the sums due from one party shall be set off against the sums due from the other to arrive at the net amount payable to the corporate debtor or to the other party.

• Illustration: X owes Rs. 100 to the corporate debtor. The corporate debtor owes Rs. 70 to X. After set off, Rs. 30 is payable by X to the corporate debtor.”

Clearly therefore, the concept of set-off in the liquidation process stands on the premise of mutual credits and dealings undertaken the between the parties. In this context, we must add here that there is a clear distinction between the facts of the case of Raman judgement supra and the facts of the present case. In the Raman judgement, set off was claimed while Corporate Debtor was undergoing CIRP and for reasons of set-off being claimed prior to passing of liquidation order, it was held to be contrary to law. However, in the present case, the set-off has been claimed after passing of the liquidation order which is legally permissible under Chapter III Part II of IBC. Hence the Raman judgement does not come to the aid of the Appellant in asserting that set-off was not permissible and the entire ITR amount should have become part of the liquidation asset of the Corporate Debtor.

# 26. However, what is under contention is whether on completion of assessment proceedings during liquidation, the Respondent-Income Tax Department could avail of the set-off automatically, on its own, by adjusting against pre-CIRP dues. In this regard we may refer to the Sundaresh Bhatt judgment supra wherein the Hon’ble Apex Court has held that while statutory authorities can take steps to determine the tax, interest, fines or any penalty which is due, it cannot enforce a claim for recovery of the tax due during the period of moratorium. Extending the ratio of this judgement, we hold that the Income Tax authority enjoys limited jurisdiction of continuing with assessment proceedings and in determining the quantum of Income Tax dues but does not enjoy the jurisdiction and power to suo motu initiate recovery of dues or execute their claim unilaterally by adjusting the ITR amount with past tax dues.

# 27. Furthermore, a set-off is a concept which entails setting-of monetary cross-claims between parties which results in producing a certain balance sum. The precept of set-off in liquidation proceeding would therefore mean adjusting a smaller claim owed to the Respondent against a still larger claim payable to the Respondent. However, while applying the principle of set-off, it must be kept in mind that no creditor ends up getting share disproportional to their dues.

# 28. All claimants in the liquidation process are required to stake claims for distribution of proceeds of sale in consonance with Section 53 of IBC. Filing of claims for set-off is also mandated by Liquidation Regulations and cannot be bypassed. Thus, in the present case, for recovery of the tax amount as determined in the assessment proceedings by set-off against ITR, it was also required of the Respondent to submit their claims in terms of the laid down procedure. They are required to file their claim with the Liquidator for recovery of the dues in the requisite form. The Income Tax Department by unilaterally adjusting the ITR amount cannot put itself in a better footing than what is permissible as their claim in the distribution matrix.

# 29. Thus, while the Adjudicating Authority has been partially correct in allowing the principle of set-off in the liquidation proceedings but partially incorrect in allowing the suo-motu set-off without the claims having been filed by the Respondent before the Appellant-Liquidator in terms of the Liquidation Regulations. Thus, to answer the question raised in para 18 above, we are of the considered view that there has been a clear infirmity on the part of the Respondent in unilaterally and suo-motu appropriating the ITR amount by setting-off the said amount against the tax arrears of pre-CIRP period determined during the liquidation proceedings.

# 30. We take notice that there is no material on record to show that the Adjudicating Authority while passing the impugned order has considered what amount was due to the Respondent in the context of Income Tax pre-CIRP dues for adjustment/set-off of ITR as against what was due to them as their claim under the liquidation proceedings. In the given circumstances, we feel it appropriate to remand the matter back to the Adjudicating Authority to examine afresh the quantum of set-off of ITR against pre-CIRP tax dues which has been allowed to the Respondent as against their claim entitlement in the liquidation proceedings. On revisiting the matter, in the event it is found by the Adjudicating Authority that the ITR amount set off by the Respondent – Income Tax Department exceeds their claim entitlement in the liquidation proceedings, the Respondent may be directed to refund the excess amount so adjusted, within a reasonable period to be decided by the Adjudicating Authority, which sum, may thereafter be added to the liquidation estate of the Corporate Debtor. If, however, the ITR amount adjusted by the Respondent is found to be less than their claim entitlement, the ITR adjustment so made will hold ground and remain undisturbed with the caveat that balance if any shall stand extinguished since the Respondent did not file their claims before the Liquidator in the liquidation proceedings. The appeal is disposed of in the above terms. Parties shall bear their own costs.

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